Atribuciones sobre las causas de la pobreza general e infantil en Argentina / Attributions on the causes of general and child poverty in Argentina

Resumen El estudio acerca de las causas de la pobreza ha sido influenciado por la teoría de la atribución, lo que permitió identificar los juicios predominantes que las personas establecen sobre tales causas. Los estudios locales sobre las atribuciones causales de la pobreza son escasos y no se ha identificado ninguno referido a las causas de la pobreza infantil, a pesar de las altas tasas de su incidencia en el país. Así, el presente estudio propone evaluar las atribuciones causales de la pobreza general e infantil por parte de adultos de Argentina, empleando dos cuestionarios (uno sobre las causas de la pobreza en general y el otro sobre la pobreza infantil en particular) implementados de manera virtual. La muestra incluyó a 1 659 participantes (17 a 90 años), quienes debieron indicar la importancia de cada ítem como causa de la pobreza en una escala tipo Likert de cinco puntos. En cuanto al cuestionario sobre las causas de la pobreza general, el análisis exploratorio permitió identificar una estructura de tres factores -similar a la identificada en otros estudios: individualista, estructurales y fatalistas-, la cual no fue verificada en el análisis confirmatorio. Con respecto al cuestionario sobre las causas de la pobreza infantil, se identificó y se confirmó un modelo de dos factores (que podrían estar relacionados con atribuciones estructurales y familiares) que representa una nueva evidencia en el campo. Los resultados sugieren diferencias en las atribuciones de las causas de pobreza general e infantil, cuyos posibles mecanismos (e. g., modulación por parte de factores individuales, contextuales y culturales) deberían explorarse en estudios futuros.

Abstract In the last decades, different studies have addressed the perspectives of people regarding the causes of poverty, as they could play a fundamental role in the development of individual and social attitudes, beliefs and expectations towards people living in such a condition, and in the strategies implemented to solve related problems and issues. In addition, many of those studies have investigated the causes of poverty using the theoretical model proposed by Feagin (1972), which suggests three broad explanations: (1) individualistic (i. e., causal attribution is placed on the poor themselves); (2) structural (i. e., poverty is due to external social and economic factors); and (3) fatalistic (i. e., poverty is attributed to factors such as bad luck). Most of those studies have been carried out considering the causes of poverty in general, which means that there is very little research aimed at studying specifically the causes of child poverty. Given the high incidence of poverty in Argentina the knowledge about such perspectives is of interest for multiple basic and applied purposes. In this sense, the present study proposed to evaluate the attributions of the causes of poverty in general and child poverty in particular, by adults from Argentina, through two virtual questionnaires (one asking for the causes of poverty in general, and the other for the causes of child poverty). The sample included responses from 1 659 citizens of Argentina from 17 to 90 years old (M = 45.72, SD = 16.94). The questionnaires included 32 items aimed at evaluating the attribution of causes of general poverty, and 30 items related to child poverty. Participants were asked to indicate the importance of each item as a cause of poverty on a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = does not matter; 5 = extremely important). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were implemented (separately from the general and child questionnaires) and retained items with factor loadings at .40 or above. In addition, for the general questionnaire, a second approach was implemented to analyze if the factorial structure supported by different studies in the literature was confirmed in this sample. For such a purpose, confirmatory factor analyses were implemented. Regarding the questionnaire for the causes of general poverty, the exploratory analysis allowed identifying a three-factor structure (as in the case of other studies) (RMSEA = .071; CFI = .94; TLI = .93), which was not verified in the confirmatory analysis (RMSEA = .103; CFI = .88; TLI = .86). On the other hand, the results of the second approach suggest the confirmation of the two-factor model proposed in the literature (RMSEA = .083; CFI = .96; TLI = .95). This pattern of results suggests sensitivity to the inclusion of new items. In this sense, in future studies it would be important to invest efforts in determining new items from consultations with experts and other social actors. Regarding the questionnaire for the causes of poverty in children, two-factor model was identified and confirmed (RMSEA = .074; CFI = .94; TLI = .93), which is a new piece of evidence in the field, suggesting variability in the attribution of causes of poverty according to the considered age group, and whose potential mechanisms in comparison with the studies on adult poverty should be explored in future research (e. g., individual, contextual and cultural factors). Finally, this study confirms that having valid and reliable instruments to explore the causal attributions of general and child poverty would be important to advance in the understanding of poverty as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon.

Iron fists and velvet gloves: Investigating the associations between the stringency of governments' responses to COVID-19, stress, and compliance in the early stages of the pandemic.

To tackle the spread of COVID-19, governments worldwide have implemented restrictive public health behavioural measures. Whether and when these measures lead to positive or negative psychological outcomes is still debated. In this study, drawing on a large sample of individuals (Ntotal  = 89,798) from 45 nations, we investigated whether the stringency of public health measures implemented at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March-May 2020 was associated with individuals' levels of stress and compliance. Moreover, we addressed the question of how these associations may be moderated by the measures' implementation lag, nations' tolerance for unequal distributions of power (i.e., power distance), and individuals' institutional trust. Linear mixed models suggested that slower implementation of less stringent measures was associated with higher stress and lower compliance. Also, rapid implementation of stricter measures was associated with a mild increase in stress. Such effects were especially pronounced in countries with less tolerance for inequality. Albeit significant, the moderating effect of institutional trust was very small. The results suggest that it may be important to consider the measures' implementation lag when tackling the spread of COVID-19, but findings should be interpreted in relation to the data collection period.

Social mindfulness and prosociality vary across the globe.

Humans are social animals, but not everyone will be mindful of others to the same extent. Individual differences have been found, but would social mindfulness also be shaped by one's location in the world? Expecting cross-national differences to exist, we examined if and how social mindfulness differs across countries. At little to no material cost, social mindfulness typically entails small acts of attention or kindness. Even though fairly common, such low-cost cooperation has received little empirical attention. Measuring social mindfulness across 31 samples from industrialized countries and regions (n = 8,354), we found considerable variation. Among selected country-level variables, greater social mindfulness was most strongly associated with countries' better general performance on environmental protection. Together, our findings contribute to the literature on prosociality by targeting the kind of everyday cooperation that is more focused on communicating benevolence than on providing material benefits.

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.

Adaptación de una escala para evaluar contacto entre ciudadanos de distinta clase social del Gran Córdoba (Argentina)

Resumen: Introducción. La escala propuesta por Islam y Hewstone (1993) evalúa la frecuencia y la calidad del contacto entre distintos grupos. Aunque es una de las escalas más empleadas para evaluar el contacto intergrupal, a la fecha no hay investigaciones, según nuestro conocimiento, que hayan empleado dicha escala en muestras de Argentina ni en grupos que pertenezcan a distintas clases sociales. Objetivo. Adaptar la escala de contacto intergrupal propuesta por Islam y Hewstone (1993) en una muestra de personas de 18 a 65 años de distinta clase social, radicadas en el Gran Córdoba (Argentina). Método. Empleamos un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo autoelegido y participaron 442 personas. Llevamos a cabo la adaptación lingüística y cultural de los ítems de la escala original y elaboramos tres versiones idénticas de la escala en las cuales lo que varía es el grupo evaluado (clase alta, clase media, o clase baja). Resultados. Obtuvimos evidencias satisfactorias acerca de la validez estructural, convergente, discriminante y predictiva de la escala en todas sus versiones. Además, los resultados sobre la consistencia interna fueron adecuados. Discusión. La adaptación de la presente escala representa un aporte significativo al campo de conocimiento y evaluación del contacto intergrupal.

Abstract: Introduction. The scale proposed by Islam and Hewstone (1993) assesses the frequency and quality of contact between different groups. Although it is one of the most widely used scales to evaluate intergroup contact, to date there are no studies, to our best knowledge, that have used this scale in samples from Argentina or in groups belonging to different social classes. Objective. To adapt the intergroup contact scale proposed by Islam and Hewstone (1993) in a sample of people between 18 and 65 years old from different social classes, who live in the Gran Córdoba (Argentina). Method. We used a no-probabilistic sampling (self-selected) and 442 citizens participated. We carried out the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the items of the original scale and elaborated three identical versions of the scale in which what varies is the group evaluated (high, medium or low class). Results. We obtained satisfactory evidence about the structural, convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the scale. In addition, the results about internal consistency were adequate. Discussion. The adaptation of this scale represents a significant contribution to the field of knowledge and evaluation of intergroup contact.

Resumo: Introdução. A escala proposta por Islam e Hewstone (1993) avalia a frequência e a qualidade do contato entre diferentes grupos. Embora seja uma das escalas mais utilizadas para avaliar o contato intergrupal, até o momento não há investigações, ao nosso conhecimento, que tenham utilizado esta escala em amostras da Argentina ou em grupos pertencentes a diferentes classes sociais. Objetivo. Adaptar a escala de contato intergrupal proposta por Islam e Hewstone (1993) em uma amostra de pessoas entre 18 e 65 anos de diferentes classes sociais, residentes na Grande Córdoba (Argentina). Método. Utilizamos uma amostra não probabilística auto-selecionada e 442 pessoas participaram. Realizamos a adaptação linguística e cultural dos itens da escala original e elaboramos três versões idênticas da escala em que o que varia é o grupo avaliado (classe alta, classe média ou classe baixa). Resultados. Obtivemos evidências satisfatórias sobre a validade estrutural, convergente, discriminante e preditiva da escala. Além disso, os resultados de consistência interna foram adequados. Discussão. A adaptação desta escala representa uma contribuição significativa para o campo do conhecimento e avaliação do contato intergrupal.

Role of emotional and social information processing factors in social behavior: a developmental perspective / Papel de fatores emocionais e processamento da informação social no comportamento social: uma perspectiva do desenvolvimento / Rol de factores emocionales y procesamiento de la información social en el comportamiento social: una perspectiva del desarrollo

This study examines the structural relations between social behavior, social information processing (SIP), emotionality and emotional regulation among children from Cordoba (Argentina). Six hundred and twenty-three children aged 3, 5 and 7 years, as well as their parents and teachers, participated in the study. A reduced model offered the best fit to the data, which excluded the emotional variables of positive valence. Overall, a better social performance was predicted by lower levels of negative emotionality, a better ability to regulate negative emotions, and a better ability to process social information. The different steps of SIP proved to be significant mediators. Additionally, it was observed that the structural configuration of the variables showed noticeable peculiarities according to the period of development considered.

Este estudo examina as relações estruturais entre o comportamento social, o processamento da informação social (SIP), a emocionalidade e regulação emocional em crianças de Córdoba (Argentina). Participaram no estudo 623 crianças de 3, 5 e 7 anos, seus pais e professoras. Um modelo reduzido ofereceu o melhor ajuste dos dados, o que excluiu as variáveis emocionais de valência positiva. Em geral, um melhor desempenho social foi predito por níveis mais baixos de emocionalidade negativa, uma melhor habilidade de regular emoções negativas e uma habilidade melhor para processar a informação social. Os diferentes passos do SIP mostraram ser mediadores significativos. Além disso, observou-se que a configuração estrutural das variáveis apresentou peculiaridades notáveis de acordo com o período evolutivo considerado.

Este estudio examina las relaciones estructurales entre el comportamiento social, el procesamiento de la información social (SIP), la emocionalidad y regulación emocional en niños de Córdoba (Argentina). Participaron 623 niños de 3, 5 y 7 años, sus padres y maestras. Un modelo reducido ofreció el mejor ajuste de los datos, el cual excluía las variables emocionales de valencia positiva. En general, un mejor desempeño social fue predicho por niveles más bajos de emocionalidad negativa, una mejor habilidad para regular emociones negativas y una mejor habilidad para procesar información social. Los distintos pasos del SIP mostraron ser mediadores significativos. Además, se observó que la configuración estructural de las variables mostraba notables particularidades según el período evolutivo considerado.

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

Explorando las relaciones entre el estrés y la situación económica en ciudadanos de Córdoba, Argentina / Exploring the relationships between stress and the economic situation in citizens from Córdoba, Argentina

Resumen El estrés afecta nuestra percepción del mundo y también nuestro comportamiento, pero parece no afectar a todos por igual, sino que esta influencia varía según factores tales como el estatus económico. A partir de eso, en este estudio analizamos las diferencias en los niveles de estrés percibido según el sexo y el estatus socioeconómico, y su relación con la percepción de la situación económica tanto de la familia como del país, en una muestra de ciudadanos de Córdoba, Argentina. La muestra comprendió 279 personas de 18 a 65 años (M = 36.61, DS = 13.97). Se utilizaron cuestionarios estructurados para evaluar las distintas variables de interés. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias en los niveles de estrés percibido según el estatus económico, aunque la magnitud fue baja. A su vez, se observaron relaciones con la percepción de la situación económica, particularmente de la familia, con un tamaño del efecto de pequeño a moderado. Se subraya la necesidad de contar con nueva evidencia empírica sobre los determinantes y consecuencias del estrés.

Abstract Stress affects our perception of the world and our behavior, but it does not seem to affect everyone equally, instead that influence varies according to factors such as economic status. Taking this into account, in this study we analyze the differences in the levels of perceived stress according to sex and socioeconomic status, and its relationship with the perception of the economic situation of both the family and the country, in a sample of citizens from Córdoba Argentina. The sample comprised people from 18 to 65 years old (M = 36.61, DS = 13.97). Structured questionnaires were used to evaluate the different variables of interest. The results showed differences in perceived stress levels according to economic status, although the magnitude was low. In turn, relationships were observed with the perception of the economic situation, particularly of the family, with a small to moderate effect size. The need to have new empirical evidence on the determinants and consequences of stress is underlined.

Escala de Estrés Percibido: análisis psicométrico desde la TCT y la TRI / Perceived Stress Scale: Psychometric analysis from CTT and IRT

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La Escala de Estrés Percibido de Cohen et al. (1983) es una de las más empleadas para medir el estrés. Sus propiedades psicométricas se han estudiado con muestras de diferentes países, aunque no hay total acuerdo sobre su dimensionalidad. Además, son escasos los estudios que emplean la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). A partir de la necesidad de obtener evidencia sobre las propiedades psicométricas de la escala (versión extensa y breve) en nuestro contexto, analizamos la validez estructural y la precisión de las medidas desde la Teoría Clásica de los Tests (TCT) y la TRI en una muestra de ciudadanos de Córdoba, Argentina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Participaron 279 personas (M = 36.61 años, DS = 13.97). Se empleó la versión en español de la Escala de Estrés Percibido. RESULTADOS: El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció que el modelo de dos factores correlacionados y el modelo bifactorial mostraban ajustes globales adecuados en las dos versiones, aunque en el bifactorial algunos ítems mostraron cargas no significativas. El análisis de consistencia interna evidenció índices adecuados en ambas versiones. Los resultados derivados de la TRI indican que los ítems de las dos dimensiones de la escala se ajustan adecuadamente a un modelo de respuesta graduada, los parámetros estimados muestran que los ítems estiman un amplio rango de valores de los rasgos latentes y que discriminan entre personas con distintos niveles de rasgo. A su vez, se observaron elevadas correlaciones entre los estadísticos derivados de la TCT y la TRI. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia obtenida convierte a la escala en un instrumento útil y confiable para ser utilizada en nuestro contexto

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983) (PSS) is one of the scales most frequently used to measure stress. Its psychometric properties have been studied with samples from different countries, although there is no complete agreement on its dimensionality. In addition, few studies have used IRT. Taking into account the need to obtain evidence on the psychometric properties of the scale (extended and short version) in our context, we analyzed the structural validity and precision of the measurements from CTT and IRT in a sample of citizens from Córdoba, Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Participated 279 citizens (n = 279, M = 36.61 years old, SD = 13.97). The Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scales was used. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model of two correlated factors and the bifactor model showed adequate global adjustments in both versions of the PSS, although in the second one some items showed non-significant loads. The analysis of internal consistency showed adequate indexes in both versions. The results derived from the IRT indicate that the items of the two dimensions of the scale fit appropriately to a graduated response model, the estimated parameters show that the items estimate a wide range of values of the latent traits and that they discriminate between people with different levels of trait. In turn, high correlations between statistical derived from CTT and IRT were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence obtained makes the scale a useful and reliable instrument to be used in our context

Testing the effect of cooperative/competitive priming on the Prisoner's Dilemma. A replication study.

The replicability crisis in psychology demands direct replications to test the reliability of relevant phenomena. Prime-to-behavior effects have been an area under intense scrutiny given its surprising results. However, intuitive unsurprising effects have been mostly neglected, while they may lack robustness as well. In the present study, we focused on an intuitive prime-to-behavior effect in which Kay and Ross (2003) used a 2x2 design to test cooperation/competition priming crossed with an explicit/non-explicit construal of a Prisoner's Dilemma (PD). They found a stronger assimilation effect of priming when the situational construal anteceded the decision, but we could not reproduce their findings in the present close replication, despite counting on higher power. Even with limitations due to the unavailability of original materials, this replication presents evidence that questions the existence of the original finding, and highlights the need for further replications to get a deeper understanding of the hypothesized effect. The complete project is available at: https://osf.io/dhfns/.

Further considerations regarding PANAS: Contributions from four studies with different Argentinean samples

Abstract In this research we analyzed the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in samples coming from four independent studies: university students (Study 1, n = 392; Study 2, n = 395), general adult population (Study 3, n = 316), and athletes (Study 4, n = 533). Through confirmatory analyses we evaluated the following models: (a) two-factor model (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), (b) three-factor model by Mehrabian (1997), (c) three-factor model by Gaudreau, Sánchez and Blondin (2006) and (d) bi-factor model (Leue & Beauducel, 2011), all of them in their oblique and orthogonal variants. Several models presented an acceptable fit, but only after allowing correlated errors and excluding the items alert and excited. While orthogonal solutions of the three models showed the best fit in Studies 2, 3 and 4, oblique solutions presented the best fit in Study 1. Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and omega indexes oscillated between .55 and .89. Considering the original theoretical model and the practical utility of the PANAS, we favor the model of two orthogonal factors, excluding the aforementioned items.

Resumen En esta investigación analizamos las propiedades psicométricas del Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) en muestras de cuatro estudios independientes: estudiantes universitarios (Estudio 1, n = 392; Estudio 2, n = 395), población general adulta (Estudio 3, n = 316) y atletas (Estudio 4, n = 533). Mediante análisis confirmatorios evaluamos los siguientes modelos: (a) dos factores (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988), (b) tres factores por Mehrabian (1997), (c) tres factores por Gaudreau, Sánchez and Blondín (2006) y (d) bi-factorial (Leue & Beauducel, 2011), todos en sus variantes oblicua y ortogonal. Varios modelos presentaron un ajuste aceptable, pero solo después de permitir correlacionar los errores y excluir los ítems alerta y excitado. Mientras que las soluciones ortogonales de los tres modelos mostraron un mejor ajuste en los Estudios 2, 3 y 4, las soluciones oblicuas presentaron un mejor ajuste en el Estudio 1. El alfa de Cronbach, la confiabilidad compuesta y el índice omega oscilaron entre .55 y .89. Considerando el modelo teórico original y la utilidad práctica del PANAS, nos inclinamos hacia el modelo de dos factores ortogonales, excluyendo los ítems antes mencionados.

Validating the Structure of the New Ecological Paradigm Scale among Argentine Citizens through Different Approaches / Validez estructural de la Escala del Nuevo Paradigma Ecológico en ciudadanos argentinos utilizando diferentes abordajes / Validade estrutural da Escada do Novo Paradigma Ecológico em cidadãos argentinos usando diferentes abordagens

Objective. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the New Ecological Paradigm - R scale, in a sample of adult people from Córdoba, Argentina. This scale assesses attitudes, beliefs, values, and worldviews regarding the environment. Previous studies have found differences in the dimensionality, while the consistency has shown to be acceptable. Method. The structure of the instrument was explored using an exploratory factor analysis and also an exploratory structural equation modeling. Results. Both techniques have shown that the bifactor model comprising 11 items yielded the best fit to the data compared to other models. Internal consistency was adequate. While gender differences were not observed, a high educational level was associated with a more ecological view, and age was inversely related to it. Conclusion. Even though good psychometric properties were observed, there is a need for further studies in order to obtain evidence of the predictive value of the scale in the Argentinian context.

Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de la escala del Nuevo Paradigma Ecológico - R, en una muestra de personas adultas de Córdoba, Argentina. Esta escala evalúa actitudes, creencias, valores y visiones del mundo con respecto al ambiente. Estudios previos han encontrado diferentes estructuras factoriales subyacentes, en tanto que la evidencia de consistencia interna es aceptable. Método. Se analizó la estructura del instrumento por medio de análisis factorial exploratorio y también con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorio. Resultados. Ambas técnicas mostraron que el modelo bifactorial que comprende 11 ítems produjo el mejor ajuste a los datos en relación con otros modelos. La consistencia interna fue adecuada. No se observaron diferencias de género, en tanto que un nivel educativo mayor se asoció con una visión más ecológica y la edad se relacionó de manera inversa. Conclusión. Aunque se observaron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, se resalta la necesidad de realizar futuros estudios para obtener evidencia del valor predictivo de la NEP-R en el contexto argentino.

Escopo. Em este estudo, foram avaliadas as propriedades psicométricas da escalaa do Novo Paradigma Ecológico - R, em uma amostra de pessoas adultas da cidade de Córdoba, Argentina. Esta escala avalia atitudes, crenças, valores e visões de mundo sobre o médio ambiente. Estudos prévios têm achado diferentes estruturas fatoriais subjacentes, em tanto que a evidencia de consistência interna é aceitável. Metodologia. A estrutura do instrumento foi explorada por médio de uma análise fatorial exploratória e também com um modelo de equações estruturais exploratório. Resultados. Ambas técnicas mostraram que o modelo bi-fatorial composto por 11 itens produziu o melhor ajuste aos dados em relação a outros modelos. A consistência interna foi adequada. Não foram observadas diferencias de gênero, enquanto um nível educativo maior foi associado com uma visão mais ecológica e a idade foi relacionada de jeito inverso. Conclusão. Embora não foram observadas boas propriedades psicométricas, remarcamos a necessidade de futuros estudos para obter evidencia de valor preditiva da NEP-R em nosso contexto.

Diferencias de edad y género en comportamiento social, temperamento y regulación emocional en niños argentinos / Age and gender differences in social behavior, temperament and emotional regulation among Argentinean children / Diferenças de idade e gênero em comportamento social, temperamento e regulação emocional em crianças argentinas

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las diferencias en función de la edad, el género y el nivel socio-económico en el comportamiento social (habilidades sociales y problemas de conducta), la atención focalizada, el control inhibitorio, la emocionalidad (positiva y negativa) y la regulación emocional (positiva y negativa) en niños argentinos de tres, cinco y siete años de edad. Se realizó un estudio evolutivo transversal en el cual participaron los padres y docentes de 623 niños. Los padres brindaron información acerca de aspectos socio-demográficos, y sobre el temperamento y procesos emocionales de los niños, mientras que los docentes lo hicieron con respecto al comportamiento social de los niños. El estudio de las comparaciones entre grupos se efectuó a través de análisis de varianza. Las diferencias más marcadas se atribuyeron, en primer lugar, a la edad de los niños, y en segundo lugar, al género. En términos generales, los niños de tres años mostraron un menor desempeño que el resto de los grupos, pero el desarrollo no fue lineal en todos los procesos ya que los niños de cinco años presentaron un desempeño semejante o mejor en comparación con los niños de siete años, según algunas variables.

The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in terms of age, gender and socioeconomic background in social behavior (social skills and behavior problems), focused attention, inhibitory control, positive and negative emotionality and regulation of positive and negative emotions in Argentinean children aged 3, 5 and 7 years. A developmental cross-sectional study was carried out where the parents and teachers of 623 children participated. Parents reported on socio-demographic issues, children's temperament and emotional processes, while teachers provided information on children's social behavior. Comparisons between groups were conducted by analysis of variance. The most marked differences were attributed, firstly, to children's age, and secondly, to gender. Overall, the children aged three showed a lower performance than the other groups, but development was not linear on all the processes, as the children aged five showed a similar or better performance than the children aged seven when considering several variables.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as diferenças em função da idade, do gênero e do nível socioeconômico no comportamento social (habilidades sociais e problemas de conduta), a atenção focalizada, o controle inibitório, a emocionalidade (positiva e negativa) e a regulação emocional (positiva e negativa) em crianças argentinas de três, cinco e sete anos de idade. Realizou-se um estudo evolutivo transversal no qual participaram os pais e docentes de 623 crianças. Os pais deram informação sobre os aspectos sócio demográficos, e sobre o temperamento e processos emocionais das crianças, enquanto os docentes o fizeram com respeito ao comportamento social das crianças. O estudo das comparações entre grupos efetuou-se através de uma análise de variância. As diferenças mais marcadas atribuíram-se, em primeiro lugar, à idade das crianças, e em segundo lugar, ao gênero. Em termos gerais, as crianças de três anos mostraram um desempenho pior que o resto dos grupos, mas o desenvolvimento não foi linear em todos os processos já que as crianças de cinco anos apresentaram um desempenho semelhante ou melhor em comparação com as crianças de sete anos, segundo algumas variáveis.

El rol de la envidia benigna y maligna en la toma de decisiones estratégicas / The role of benign and malicious envy in making strategic decisions

Este trabajo se propone examinar la influencia de las envidias benigna y maligna en las ofertas del proponente en condición de envidiado y envidioso en el Juego del Ultimátum en 172 estudiantes universitarios de Córdoba, Argentina. Se empleó un diseño factorial interindividual 2 (tipo de envidia: maligna y benigna) X 2 (condición del participante: envidiado y envidioso) con un grupo adicional de control absoluto. Se compararon las ofertas en el Juego del Ultimátum según la condición experimental. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas condiciones. Sin embargo, se observó que la preocupación por ser envidiado se relacionó positivamente con las ofertas en el juego.

This study aimed to examine the influence of benign and malicious envy upon offers from proponents with envious and envied status in the Ultimatum Game. Participants were 172 university students from Cordoba (Argentina). A factorial inter-subject 2 (type envy: benign and malicious) 3 2 (condition of the participant: envied and envious) design was used, with an additional absolute control group. Offers in the Ultimatum Game were compared according to experimental condition. No statistically significant differences were observed between the different conditions. Nevertheless, the fear of being envied was positively associated with offers in the Ultimatum Game.

Una revisión sistemática sobre emociones morales y dilemas sociales / A systematic review on social dilemmas and moral emotions

El creciente interés por parte de la economía comportamental en las emociones y la carencia de revisiones sobre la temática motivaron este trabajo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la evidencia empírica sobre el rol de las emociones morales en situaciones de dilemas sociales. Los artículos revisados (n = 17) se obtuvieron de las bases de datos EBSCO, ScienceDirect y OVID. Se analizaron los siguientes aspectos de los artículos: objetivos, muestra, juego o tarea experimental, y resultados. Un grupo de investigaciones se focalizó en la influencia de las emociones morales en la cooperación, empleando principalmente el juego Give-Some o el Juego del Ultimátum. Otro grupo de investigaciones se centró en el rol de la empatía-altruismo en las conductas de ayuda, utilizando tareas de distribución. El análisis de los resultados evidencia que la culpa y la vergüenza incrementan la tendencia a la cooperación, mientras que emociones como la ira y el disgusto la dificultan. Además, la inducción de empatía fomentó el comportamiento altruista y las conductas de ayuda. Esta revisión ofrece elementos útiles a ser considerados en futuros trabajos de investigación...

The growing interest in the role of emotions in behavioral economics, and the absence of reviews on this subject have motivated this work, which purpose was analyze the empirical evidence on the role of moral emotions in social dilemmas situations. The reviewed articles (n = 17) were obtained from EBSCO, OVID and ScienceDirect. We analyzed the following aspects: objectives, sample, experimental game or task, and results. A group of studies was focused on the influence of moral emotions on cooperation, using mainly the Give-Some game or the Ultimatum Game. Another group of studies was focused on the role of empathy-altruism in helping behaviors, using distribution tasks. The analysis of results shows that guilt and shame increase the tendency to cooperate, while emotions like anger and disgust diminish it. Furthermore, the induction of empathy promoted altruistic behavior and helping behaviors. This review provides useful elements to be considered in future research...

Factores que intervienen en la tuberculosis infantil en los centros de salud de la jurisdicción del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo en el año 2012 / Factors involved in childhood tuberculosis in the health centers of the jurisdiction of the National Hospital Dos de Mayo 2012

Perú, está atravesando una endemia de Tuberculosis en estos últimos tiempos agravando seriamente la Salud Pública. El objetivo fue determinar los factores que intervienen en la tuberculosis infantil según dimensiones en los centros de salud de la jurisdicción del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo 2012. Material y Método: El estudio es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 30 pacientes menores de 15 años. La técnica fue la entrevista y el instrumento un formulario tipo cuestionario aplicando previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (30); 50 por ciento (15) refieren que está presente y 50 por ciento (15) ausente. Acerca de los factores demográficos 93 por ciento (28) está presente y 7 por ciento (2) ausente, en el ambiental 73 por ciento (22) presente y 27 por ciento (8) ausente, en lo cultural 67 por ciento (20) presente y 33 por ciento (10) ausente; en el nutricional 10 por ciento (3) presente y 90 por ciento (27) ausente; en lo socioeconómico 3 por ciento (1) presente y 97 por ciento (29) ausente; y en los factores patológico y biológico en el 100 por ciento están ausentes. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje de las personas afectadas por tuberculosis refieren que está presente en el factor demográfico, ambiental y cultural referido a la instrucción del paciente, madre, padre y tiempo de residencia en el hogar actual, el hacinamiento, tipo de material de la ventana, número de habitantes destinados a dormir, cantidad de personas que duermen en la misma habitación, el desconocimiento de las medidas de prevención, como no cubrirse la boca al toser, concepto de la tuberculosis; mientras que en un menor porcentaje en el factor nutricional y socioeconómico que esta dado por la lactancia materna, consumo de carbohidratos, proteínas, frutas verduras, no tienen casa propia, la condición laboral del padre o tutor es inestable, presencia de animales en el hogar...

Peru, it crossing an epidemic of Tuberculosis in these latter times aggravating seriously the Public Health. The aim was to determine the factors that intervene in the infantile tuberculosis according to dimensions in the centers of health of the jurisdiction of the National Hospital Dos de Mayo, 2012. Material and Method: The study is of applicative level, quantitative type, and descriptive method of transverse court. The population was shaped by 30 15-year-old minor patients. The technology was the interview and the instrument a form type questionnaire applying previous informed assent. Results: Of 100 per cent (30); 50 per cent (15) these are present and 50 per cent (15) absent. About demographic factors 93 per cent (28) is present and 7 per cent (2) absent, in the environmental 73 per cent (22) is present and 27 per cent (8) absent, in the culture 67 per cent (20) is present and 33 per cent (10) absent; in nutrition factor 10 per cent (3) is present and 90 per cent (27) absent; in the socioeconomic 3 per cent (1) present and 97 per cent (29) absent; and the pathological and biological factors are 100 per cent absents. Conclusions: The highest percentage of people affected by tuberculosis is present in demographic, environmental and cultural factors referred instruction of the patient, of the mother, and the father and residence time in the current home, crowding, type of window material, number of rooms for to sleep, number of people sleeping in the same room, lack of preventive measures, such as it not covering at coughing, concept tuberculosis; while a smaller percentage are the nutritional and socio-economic factor that is given by breastfeeding, consumption of carbohydrates, protein, fruits and vegetables, do not have their own home, the employment status of the parent or guardian is unstable, there are presence of animals home, smoking in the home, while the pathological and biological factor is absent in the taking medication, suffer from other...

Valoración psícométríca de la Psychological Entitlement Scale desde la Teoría Clásica de los Tests y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem / Psychometric Evaluation of the Psychological Entitlement Scale Using Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory / Valoração psicométrica da Psychological Entitlement Scale desde a Teoria clássica dos testes e a Teoria da resposta ao item

Objetivo. Esta investigación se propuso examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) en el contexto local desde la Teoría clásica de los tests (TCT) y la Teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI). Método. Participaron 402 estudiantes universitarios con una media de edad de 22.77 años (DS = 4.85), de ambos géneros (61.9% mujeres) y de distintas carreras universitarias y 324 personas de 18 a 65 años de edad (M = 32.77, DS = 10.71), de ambos géneros (56.2% mujeres) y de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos, residentes en la ciudad de Córdoba, seleccionados de manera accidental. Todos ellos fueron evaluados con la PES y la Escala de dominancia triple. Resultados. Desde la TCT, análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios evidenciaron que ocho de los nueve ítems que comprendía la escala original mostraron una estructura unifactorial, con adecuadas cargas factoriales y/o pesos de regresión. Además, se observaron valores aceptables de consistencia interna. Las personas clasificadas como prosociales presentaron valores significativamente menores en la PES que las personas individualistas y competitivas (r-p² = 0.04). Desde la TRI, si bien se obtuvo un buen ajuste global al modelo de escalas de clasificación de un parámetro, el análisis de ítems evidenció índices inaceptables para un ítem y categorías poco informativas. Conclusión. Aunque se obtuvo evidencia sobre adecuadas propiedades psicométricas desde la TCT, análisis desde la TRI sugieren realizar ajustes al instrumento, en particular, reagrupar categorías de respuesta que resultaron poco informativas.

Objective. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) in the local context using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Method. Participants were 402 university students with a mean age of 22.77 years (SD = 4.85), both genders (61.9% female), and from different university careers, and 324 residents of the city of Córdoba, aged 18 to 65 years (M = 32.77, SD = 10.71), both genders (56.2% women), with different socio-economic backgrounds. All participants were selected at random, and evaluated with PES and Triple Dominance Scale measures. Results. From the TCT, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that eight of the nine items comprising the original scale showed an unifactorial structure with adequate factor loadings and/or regression weights. Also, acceptable values of internal consistency were observed. Individuals classified as pro-social presented significantly lower values in the PES than individualistic and competitive people (small effect size). From the IRT, the rating scale model showed a good global fit to the scale model, although the item analysis indicated unacceptable indices for one item, and some categories which were not very informative. Conclusion. Although TCT results demonstrated good psychometric properties, analysis from the IRT suggested adjustments to the instrument, in particular, the regrouping of response categories which were not very informative alone.

Escopo. Esta pesquisa propõe examinar as propriedades psicométricas desde a escada Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) no contexto local desde a Teoria clássica dos testes (TCT) e a Teoria de resposta ao item (TRI). Metodologia. Participaram 402 estudantes universitários com uma media de idade de 22.77 anos (DS = 4.85,), de ambos gêneros (61.9% mulheres) e de diferentes carreiras universitárias e 324 pessoas de 18 a 65 anos de idade (M = 32.77, DS = 10.71), de ambos géneros (61.9% mulheres) e de diferentes níveis sócio-económicos, residentes na cidade de Córdoba, selecionados de maneira acidental. Todos eles foram avaliados com a PES e a Escada de dominancia tripla. Resultados. Desde a TCT, análises fatoriais exploratórios e confirmatórios evidenciaram que oito dos nove itens que compreendia a escada original mostraram uma estrutura unifatorial, com adequadas cargas fatoriais e/ou peso de regressão. Além, foram observados valores aceitáveis, de consistência interna. As pessoas classificadas como prosociais presentaram valores significativamente menores na PES que as pessoas individualistas e competitivas (r-p² = 0.04). Desde a TRI, embora foi obtido um bom ajuste global ao modelo de escadas de classificação de um parâmetro o análises de itens evidenciou índices inaceitáveis para um item e categorias pouco informativas. Conclusão. Embora foi obtida evidencia sobre adequadas propriedades psicométricas desde a TCT, análises desde a TRI sugerem fazer ajustes ao instrumento, em particular, reagrupar categorias de resposta que resultaram pouco informativas.